Hideki Tojo

On December 23, 1948, the United States executed a frail, bespectacled man of almost 64 years.   The prisoner, Hideki Tojo, had been convicted of war crimes by the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, and he would be the highest-ranking officer from Japan to be executed.   To his dying day, Tojo maintained that The Greater East Asia War was justified and righteous.   However, he did apologize for the atrocities commited by Japanese troops during the Second World War.    Who was Hideki Tojo? Hideki Tojo (December 30, 1884 - December 23, 1948) was a leading figure of the Japanese government as a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, leader of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, and 27th Prime Minister of Japan from October 17, 1941 to July 22, 1944.  It was Tojo who, as Prime Minister, was responsible for ordering the attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941. The day after the attack, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan, officially bringing the  United States into World War II.   Ã‚   Hideki Tojo was born in 1884 to a military family of  samurai  descent. His father was one of the first generation of military men since the Imperial Japanese Army had replaced  samurai warriors after the Meiji Restoration.   Tojo graduated with honors from the army war college in 1915 and quickly climbed the military  ranks. He was known within the army as Razor Tojo for his bureaucratic efficiency,  strict attention to detail, and unwavering adherence to protocol. He was extremely loyal to the Japanese nation and the army, and in his rise to leadership within Japans military and government he became a symbol for Japans militarism and parochialism. With his unique appearance of close-cropped hair, mustache, and round eyeglasses he became the caricature by Allied propagandists of Japans military dictatorship during the Pacific war.   At the end of World War II, Tojo was arrested, tried, sentenced to death for war crimes, and hanged. Early Military Career In 1935, Tojo assumed command of the Kwangtung Armys Kempetai or military police force in Manchuria.   The Kempetai was not an ordinary military police command - it functioned more like a secret police, such as the Gestapo or the Stassi. In 1937, Tojo was promoted once more to Chief of Staff of the Kwangtung Army. July of that year saw his only actual combat experience, when he led a brigade into Inner Mongolia. The Japanese defeated Chinese Nationalist and Mongolian forces, and established a puppet state called the Mongol United Autonomous Government. By 1938, Hideki Tojo was recalled to Toyko to serve as army vice minister in the Emperors Cabinet.   In July of 1940, he was promoted to army minister in the second Fumimaroe Konoe government.   In that role, Tojo advocated an alliance with Nazi Germany, and also with Fascist Italy. Meanwhile relations with the United States worsened as Japanese troops moved south into Indochina. Although Konoe considered negotiations with the United States, Tojo advocated against them, espousing war unless the United States withdrew its embargo on all exports to Japan.   Konoe disagreed, and resigned.   Prime Minister of Japan Without giving up his post of army minister, Tojo was made the prime minister of Japan in October 1941.   At different points during World War II, he would also serve as the minister of home affairs, education, munitions, foreign affairs, and commerce and industry.    In December of 1941, Prime Minister Tojo gave the green light to a plan for simultaneous attacks on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Thailand; British Malaya; Singapore; Hong Kong; Wake Island; Guam; and the Philippines.   Japans rapid success and lightning-fast Southern Expansion made Tojo immensely popular with the ordinary people. Although Tojo had public support, was hungry for power, and was adept at gathering the reins into his own hands, he never was able to establish a true fascist dictatorship like those of his heros, Hitler and Mussolini.   The Japanese power structure, headed by the emperor-god Hirohito, prevented him from attaining complete control.   Even at the height of his influence, the court system, the navy, industry, and of course Emperor Hirohito himself remained outside of Tojos control.   In July of 1944, the tide of war had turned against Japan and against Hideki Tojo.   When Japan lost Saipan to the advancing Americans, the emperor forced Tojo out of power.   After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945, and Japans surrender, Tojo knew that he would likely be arrested by the American Occupation authorities. Trial and Death As the Americans closed in, Tojo had a friendly doctor draw a large charcoal X on his chest to mark where his heart was.   He then went into a separate room and shot himself squarely through the mark.   Unfortunately for him, the bullet somehow missed his heart and went through his stomach instead.   When the Americans arrived to arrest him, they found him laying on a bed, bleeding profusely.   Im very sorry that it is taking me so long to die, he told them.   The Americans rushed him to emergency surgery, saving his life. Hideki Tojo was tried before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East for war crimes.   In his testimony, he took every opportunity to assert his own guilt, and claimed that the Emperor was blameless.   This was convenient for the Americans, who had already decided that they did not dare hang the Emperor for fear of a popular revolt.   Tojo was found guilty of seven counts of war crimes, and on November 12, 1948, he was sentenced to death by hanging. Tojo was hanged on December 23, 1948.   In his final statement, he asked the Americans to show mercy to the Japanese people, who had suffered devastating losses in the war, as well as the two atomic bombings.   Tojos ashes are divided between the Zoshigaya Cemetery in Tokyo and the controversial Yasukuni Shrine; he is one of fourteen class A war criminals enshrined there.

The Limitless Possibilities of Art - 819 Words

Definition Essay – The Limitless Possibilities of Art Before attempting to define art in even the most abstract of terms, I must preface with an apologia, for any definition of art dooms itself to failure as long as it attempts to categorize together objects or actions which belong to no unified category. Where does one set boundaries to determine the limits of the category ‘art’? Mine will serve only to elaborate my own personal opinions as there exists no objective method of evaluation for a definition of art as a whole (at least one which does not set arbitrary boundaries). Because of this inability to objectify art, we must conclude that art is by nature subjective and exists—at least conceptually—largely in the†¦show more content†¦something arising from human intention rather than natural processes. While some innovators have attempted to challenge this paradox and create art both natural to human expression and natural to nature—and here I think of John Cage, primarily—their a ttempts have not always met with success and have garnered less artistic appreciation than attention to the questioning of their artistic integrity. Why, however, must art in this context constitute the unnatural, for as a creation of a product of nature (us), is its existence not equally as natural as ours? For some reason, human experience has produced an artistic spectrum bound on one end by art and on the other by nature, and within this artificial, perceived polarity arises a tension in which the artist lives and works, attempting to move closer to the former pole. This duality would seem to suggest a more platonic evaluation of the making of art: a linear creative movement from the natural and the uncontrollable to the utopian ideal. Fundamental to my conception of art is also the idea of creation—abstract or concrete, positive or negative. In spite of the conscious or unconscious intentions of the artist to relate human experience, art involves the bringing of something into existence, be it a gesture, a tone, a color, or a shape. However, this creative act presents a paradoxShow MoreRelatedThe Main Contribution Of Growth1157 Words   |  5 Pages What is art? What does it mean to be a part of the art? Every September Grand Rapids hosts Art Prize which is the largest art competition in the world. What does that mean? The city turns into a rainbow of color, and a sea of people. Artists, spectators, and critics alike gather to embrace the two week experience. Art Prize was launched by Rick Davos, to ignite conversation in Grand Rapids. A conservative Christian city dominated by Republic views, private art, subversive racism, and homelessnessRead MoreMy Interpretation of Art Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesThe definition of art, according to Webster’s Dictionary, is human creativity. This definition does not take into consideration our desires to analyze, understand, and accept or reject what we see in front of us. The phrase, â€Å"art is in the eye of the beholder†, is a true statement, because everyone has an opinion on what they consider art. In my opinion, art does not need to be understood or accepted to be considered art. Art needs to invoke an emotional response, be translatable to our lives,Read MoreAn Artist s Metamorphosis : Art886 Words   |  4 PagesAn Artist’s Metamorphosis Art has always been a part of my life for as long I can remember. Art class was what I anxiously looked forward to in grade school. I recall the sadness that I would experience when my teacher did not pick my coloring sheet to be put on the wall of my second grade classroom, but I also remember the immense pride I experienced when I discovered that my seahorse sculpture had been picked to be put in the Zane Grey museum in the third grade. I participated in Chalk On the WalkRead MoreThe Effects Of Texting On Everyday Life970 Words   |  4 Pagestheir flip phones that s only used for calling instead of texting. People may use texting as a way to communicate long distances as well as for convenience, but this form of writing creates more trouble than it is worth. Within texting there is an art form that flows with every conversation. People use texting to talk to their friends, family, acquaintances, co workers, etc. So with every person there is a different way of texting that person, because every person takes things differently. The personRead MoreInspirational Ideas for Baby Shower Cakes Essay531 Words   |  3 Pageswhich parents to be are guiding their ideas. But not always is so easy so here are some suggestions to keep in mind when youre out of inspiration. Edible cakes This type of cake is the most popular selection of each parent to be. The possibilities are limitless its rather an exercise of imagination for the ingredients and the shape. Here are some ideas: 1) Croquembouche - coming from French croque en bouche, this type of delicacy is not a traditional cake. It is oftenly used in French and ItalyRead MoreAnalysis Of Run Lola Run And Street Art I Love You 1030 Words   |  5 PagesLola Run and street art ‘I love you’ by Banksy both explore distinctively visual elements though various film techniques and visual techniques. The two texts aim to manipulate the way in which we explore and interpret the images we are exposed to in our world. One main reason these pieces interrelate is because both texts utilise various techniques in order to create distinctively visual elements which explores the basic aspects of life-love, time and chance. Banksy’s street art, ‘I love you’ expressesRead MorePrograming Effect On Child Development1017 Words   |  5 Pagesoutside the box in order to solve a problem. This is accomplished by allowing a child to build confidence and creativity by providing the tools to cre ate a world of limitless possibilities. With limitless possibilities they can build their own desired path and come up with solutions for their path in their own way. Programing is just like art and music as a way to express creativity. Emotional Development Emotional development is where a child’s emotion develops. A child will learn how to control, experienceRead MoreAre Colleges Worth The Price Of Admission?912 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement has been correlated with their students success. The issue has also come into attention for Sanford J. Ungar, as he explains in his article â€Å"The New Liberal Arts,† although liberal arts education may be have its misconceptions, it does pay for its price. Hence, higher education (whether from a regular university or a liberal arts college) is worth the price, as it prepares individuals for the real world more than any other kind of education, it is an unique time were students are allowed toRead MoreTechnology Research : Museum s Mission1170 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology changed the way in which people share information and learn (Russo 2011, 32). It is an exciting time with limitless possibilities for museums. A challenge occurs for museums to use the technology approp riately and in an effective manner that does not distract from the museum’s mission. While learning takes place in museums, these technological advances provide possibilities to create engaging exhibits and learning opportunities to audiences at the museum and beyond its walls. The technologicalRead MoreThe Most Important Characteristics Of A Leader Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesleader to have imagination or knowledge? A person that possesses an imagination can be exposed to a wider world of wisdom. People that have knowledge are restricted by the amount of information they know; where as people with imaginations are limitless. Imagination is more valuable to leadership than knowledge since the human memory is limited to the information that is learned. Without believing something is possible advancement cannot happen, imagination can lead to discovery. Knowledge is

Changing Roles of Men and Women Free Essays

In Britain in the 1960s and 1970 sociologists were examining the levels of underachievement of working class pupils. It was clear from the evidence that they were underachieving compared to the middle classes in terms of gaining access to selective schools, achievement at 16 – O Levels/CSEs/GCSEs entry to university and further training. In other words, it was clear that working class children were most likely to end up doing working class jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Changing Roles of Men and Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite this evidence, it was not entirely clear how working class pupils failed. This was revealed by the pioneering work of Paul Willis (1977). Whereas previous explanations of working class failure in the education system tended to provide very mechanistic approaches which were based on the logic of a particular theoretical approach, Willis set out to examine the actual experiences of a group of working class ‘lads’ and to investigate what actually happened to them. It is only through a more qualitative approach that such an insight can be gained. It is believed that ethnography provides a more valid (accurate) picture of social life which more quantitative methods such as questionnaires cannot do. In Willis’s book Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs, he is a participant observer of 12 boys in a West Midlands school in the 1970s. He follows them during their last year and a half at school and their first few months at work. (The small sample – 12 boys – is clearly a limiting factor to his work as well as the fact that he only focuses on boys). In this essay there will be an examination of the issues raised in relation to Willis’ study by Gordon (1994) and an assessment of how well she seems to explain these issues and whether her points are shared by other critics of Willis’ study such as†¦ How to cite Changing Roles of Men and Women, Papers

Organisational Culture of Google Constraining †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Organisational Culture of Google Constraining. Answer: Introduction Google is one of the leading organisations in terms of organisational culture and innovation. The organisation has attained continuous growth and success in last decade. The company is considered as one of the best employers of choice as it offers huge work-life balance and flexibility to its employees with a strong organisational culture. But with rapid expansion and increasing number of employees across the world, there are certain issues faced by Google in terms of managing organisational culture, innovation and hiring and recruitment (Verma, 2006). There is a need to have some sort of changes in the organisational culture to have continuous development growth and innovation from the future perspective. Organisational culture of Google constraining its future growth There was an organisational culture at Google which was highly employee oriented where people used to give their opinions and viewpoints in the discussion process. The company also used to have sharing of the financial results to the employees. In present time also, Google has a significant involvement of the employees in decision making and discussions but such organisational culture is supporting on one end but on the other end is constraining the success of the organisation because of increased involvement of they employees and a number of issues associated with such organisational culture (Baker, 2014). The high involvement of the employees and increased employee engagement is one of the key factors behind the rapid innovation of Google as the ideas are taken from the employees and it is one of the regular practices at Google which is performed at every branch of the company across the globe. But with the increasing diversity as well as upsurge number of workforce, it has become challenging for the organisation to maintain and implement the same organisational cultural practice (Leidner and Kayworth, 2006). In a big and extensive organisation, offering each and every employee with a same benefit and involvement is very much difficult and because of which the organisations are required to compress its practices of having involvement of all they employees on regular basis and have huge discussions with them (Kandampully, 2002). In a diversified and global organisation, there are various issues that take place at the time of such organisational practices such as unequal preferences to the opinions and views of all the employees, inequitable chance to each and every employee, feeling of dissatisfaction, chaos and internal conflicts (Ellonen, Blomqvist and Puumalainen, 2008). Therefore, to save the company from all those issues and to avoid constraining the growth of Google there is a much need to have a change and modification in the organisational culture of G oogle. Changes required in the organisational culture of Google for coping up with the future size of the organisation For coping with the challenges of organisational culture in respect with the future size of the organisation there is a need to have a number of changes and modifications in the organisational culture. Following are the changes required to be made in the organisational culture of Google: Thorough Hiring Process The hiring process of Google was claimed as very lengthy and time consuming and thus, it is necessary to have a change in the hiring process. There is a need to change the hiring process by adding technical aspects and having a fast and more improved selection process. There is also a need to recruit people on a specific and particular post so that a proper line of authority can be established at Google (Verma, 2006). Practicing Open-Door environment and transparency With the increasing number of workforce, the organisation is required to maintain its organisational culture to be highly transparent and open-door. Instead of regular meetings and discussion, there can be taken use of an open-door environment where any employee can share its views and ideas at any point of time and is not required to wait for the meeting or open discussions. It is also required to have high level of transparency in the organisation so that the increasing number of workforce does sense the feeling of unequal behavioural practices. Therefore, it is essential that the organisational culture must be modified in such a manner that high level of transparency may be there in the organisation (Vise, 2007). Specific positions and job profiles The next change in the organisational culture is to hire the employees on a particular and specific job profile and position rather than offering all the employee a similar position which may result in increase chaos at the organisational workplace. There must be change in the organisational culture by forming a properly structure organisational hierarchy. The more structured and arranged hierarchy will be there will a clear set of positions, the better will be the working and more smooth organisational culture could be developed (Martins and Terblanche, 2003). Making HR into Science There is a need to have change in the organisational culture by dealing with the human resources department and function with a more practical approach. The company must have more use of data and analytics for making most correct human resource decisions in respect with the employee retention, turnover, absenteeism, etc. (Vise, 2007). Impact of changes on Google's capacity to innovate The organisational culture is considered as the base of any organisation and its sustainability and any kind of change or modification in the organisational culture may lead number positive as well as negative impacts on the various aspects of the organisation. In the case of Google, a change in the organisational culture may have a direct impact on its innovation capacity. Google is recognized as one of the most innovative and pioneering organisation that take sue of various innovative techniques and platforms (Vise, 2007). But behind this continuous innovation, there was a major role of its organisational culture where all the employees were given a chance to give their innovative ideas which can help the company in getting huge success. But with eth change in the organisational culture and reduced meeting and discussions with the employees, can have a negative impact on the innovation capacity (Mosley, 2007). As there will be decreased employee engagement which can lead to un-invo lvement of the organisational workforce. Thus, to overcome the negative impact on the innovation capacity, there will be taken use of open-door environment of eth company where all the employees can any point of time share their views and ideas so that not only the issues of increasing workforces may impact eth culture and innovation but can also have a new way of getting things done (Steiber and Alnge, 2013). Conclusion From this paper and the analysis of the case study, it can be concluded that with the increase in the organisational size and growth, there are various issues that take place and also demand a change in the existing pollicises and organisational structure. In a similar way, there is also a need of change in the organisational culture of Google because of its continuously rising number of workforce and the associated human resource issues. The report states that the innovation aspect of the company may have a series of impact with the change in the organisational culture but with positive changes and strategic implementation, there can be get improved organisational culture supporting the growth of the organisation as well as the employees. Thus, from the overall report, it can be concluded that every organisation demands change and it is also necessary to have regular modifications in the organisational culture and policies to have a better and sustainable future. References Baker, T., 2014.Attracting and retaining talent: Becoming an employer of choice. Springer. Ellonen, R., Blomqvist, K. and Puumalainen, K., 2008. The role of trust in organisational innovativeness.European Journal of Innovation Management,11(2), pp.160-181. Kandampully, J., 2002. Innovation as the core competency of a service organisation: the role of technology, knowledge and networks.European journal of innovation management,5(1), pp.18-26. Leidner, D.E. and Kayworth, T., 2006. A review of culture in information systems research: Toward a theory of information technology culture conflict.MIS quarterly,30(2), pp.357-399. Martins, E.C. and Terblanche, F., 2003. Building organisational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation.European journal of innovation management,6(1), pp.64-74. Mosley, R.W., 2007. Customer experience, organisational culture and the employer brand.Journal of Brand Management,15(2), pp.123-134. Steiber, A. and Alnge, S., 2013. A corporate system for continuous innovation: the case of Google Inc.European Journal of Innovation Management,16(2), pp.243-264. Verma, M., 2006. Googles HR Dilemma. ICFAI Business School. Pp.14. Accessed on: 31st October, 2017, Accessed from: https://www.ibscdc.org/Case_Studies/HRM/HRM0020P.htm Vise, D., 2007. The google story.Strategic Direction,23(10).

Tacitus The Agricola and The Germania

Introduction Publius Cornelius Tacitus was one of the prominent historians and writers who made a number of successful attempts to describe the conditions under which the Roman Empire had to develop and promote the relations with other countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tacitus’ The Agricola and The Germania specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For a long period of time, the Roman Empire was considered as a powerful country, and its power was so great, that the vast majority of enemies or simple envious countries were not able to notice how weak the political and economical situation in the country was. Tacitus’ involvement into the political world of the Rome helped him create several powerful works where he described the style of Roman life, the challenges its citizens faced, and some other problems Roman society used to solve. The Agricola and the Germania are the two educative works which de scribe the achievements of the Roman Empire from different perspectives: the Germania is based on the traditions which were set by the Roman government for all those German people and helps to comprehend how the conditions of the Empire could influence the development of other countries; and the Agricola represents the story of a Governor of Britain that makes it possible to demonstrate Roman virtues and their impact on Roman style. Body The Germania and the Agricola as the two significant works in Tacitus career. In spite of the fact that these two works written by Tacitus touch upon lives of different people, they both are about the Roman Empire, and to be more exact, about the lives of different people under the same conditions and with the same opportunities. Different nations are united to achieve the same purpose – to confront the rules dictated by the Romans who have already suffered from its wealth and power. These books seem to be a magnificent insight into the Roman life and the style people have to follow. On the one hand, the author underlines the cruelty of the times and focus on how â€Å"many have died by the chance happenings of fate; all the most energetic have fallen victims to the cruelty of the emperor† (Tacitus, Agricola, 53). On the other hand, the author says that the Roman impact on other societies’ lives remains to be integral: â€Å"it lay indeed like any other refuse of the sea, until Roman luxury made its reputation† (Tacitus, Germania, 139). Political perspective helps to understand better the nature of Rome. To explain how terrible and unpleasant the conditions developed by the Roman Empire were, the author made a decision to develop his story around one character, Domitian, who was strict, prejudiced, and cruel. Even people around could cope with his cruelty because one of the most terrible torments for his people was â€Å"to see him with his eyes fixed upon use.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Every sigh was registered against us; and when we all turned pale, he did not scruple to make use marked men by glance of his savage countenance† (Tacitus, Agricola, 98). However, if in one book, Tacitus made everything possible to frighten the reader and to introduce the worst side of the problem, the same situations were described in a different manner in another book. â€Å"The power even of the kings is not absolute and arbitrary† (Tacitus, Germania, 107). Agricola served as the best example of how it is possible to behave in a right way even under the most tyrannical conditions ever. In spite of the fact that Roman government was cruel for everyone around, there were people who wanted to prove the ideas of justice and to provide people with a chance to live better and safer. In the Germania, almost the same attempts were made, still, more attention is paid to some Roman vir tues in accordance with which rulers and ordinary people should live. Roman economy as an example of how to ruin everything in a minute. Though the Roman Empire was not destroyed in a minute, and this phrase should be regarded as a symbolic expression, there were a number of moments of human weakness led to unpredictable results. One of the evident examples was the organization of public games and spending money on such entertainment. The Romans preferred to develop huge spaces to train and improve their physical conditions. â€Å"In ordering the public games and the other vanities†, the government found it more interesting to compromise â€Å"between economy and excess, steering clear of extravagance but not falling to win popular approval† (Tacitus, Agricola, 56). In fact, Roman economy was based on slavery and the outcomes of slaves’ work: even â€Å"a loser willingly discharges his debts by becoming a slave† (Tacitus, Germania, 121). Romans did not wa nt to focus enough attention on the problems which were formed inside society. They were burning with a desire to develop appropriate outside relations and power over other countries. This is why when the time came, they were weak enough to understand their own mistakes and gaps. Conclusion In general, the Roman Empire described by Tacitus was a powerful state where its citizens were able to develop ideas and styles in accordance with their own interests. Tacitus’ papers help to understand the weaknesses of the kings and the methods used by the enemies to aggravate the situation and destroy the Empire. Tacitus proved that the power of word may sometimes be much more considerable then the power of a person because a human is not always able to weigh all pros and cons of his actions and be simply dispirited by personal failures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tacitus’ The Agricola and The Germania specifically for you for only $16.05 $11 /page Learn More Works Cited Tacitus, Julius. â€Å"The Agricola.† In The Agricola and The Germania by Tacitus and Handford. New York: Penguin Group, 1970. Tacitus, Julius. â€Å"The Germania.† In The Agricola and The Germania by Tacitus and Handford. New York: Penguin Group, 1970. This essay on Tacitus’ The Agricola and The Germania was written and submitted by user Porter Johnson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Creative Writing 101

Creative Writing 101 Creative Writing 101 Creative Writing 101 By Ali Hale What is Creative Writing? Creative writing is anything where the purpose is to express thoughts, feelings and emotions rather than to simply convey information. I’ll be focusing on creative fiction in this post (mainly short stories and novels), but poetry, (auto)biography and creative non-fiction are all other forms of creative writing. Here’s a couple of definitions: Creative writing is writing that expresses the writers thoughts and feelings in an imaginative, often unique, and poetic way. (Sil.org What is Creative Writing?) Writing is a form of personal freedom. It frees us from the mass identity we see all around us. In the end, writers will write not to be outlaw heroes of some underculture but mainly to save themselves, to survive as individuals. (Don DeLillo) Writing of any sort is hard, but rewarding work – you’ll gain a huge amount of satisfaction from a finished piece. Being creative can also be difficult and challenging at times, but immensely fun. How to get started Many people think that just because they’ve read a lot of stories (or even if they haven’t!) they should be able to write one. But as Nigel Watts writes: There is a common belief that because most of us are literate and fluent, there is no need to serve an apprenticeship if we want to become a successful wordsmith. †¦ That’s what I thought until I tried to write my first novel. I soon learnt that a novel, like a piece of furniture, has its own set of requirements, laws of construction that have to be learnt. Just because I had read plenty of novels didn’t mean I could write one, any more than I could make a chair because I had sat on enough of them. (Nigel Watts, Teach Yourself Writing a Novel) By all means, if you’re keen, jump straight in and have a go: but don’t be too disappointed if your first efforts aren’t as good as you’d hoped. To extend Watts’ metaphor, you may find that these early attempts have wonky legs and an unsteady seat. There are lots of great books aimed at new fiction writers, and I’d strongly recommend buying or borrowing one of these: Wannabe a Writer? (Jane Wenham-Jones) Teach Yourself †¦ Writing a Novel (Nigel Watts) How to Write Fiction (and Think About It) (Robert Graham) On Writing (Stephen King) I’d also recommend starting small. Rather than beginning with an epic fantasy trilogy, a family saga spanning five generations, or an entire adventure series †¦ have a go at a short story or a poem. And if you end up chewing your pen and staring at a sheet of paper, or gazing at a blank screen for hours, try kickstarting your writing with a short exercise. Don’t stop to think too much about it †¦ just get going, without worrying about the quality of the work you produce. Tips and tricks for beginners Do some short exercises to stretch your writing muscles – if you’re short of ideas, read the Daily Writing Tips article on â€Å"Writing Bursts†. Many new creative writers find that doing the washing up or weeding the garden suddenly looks appealing, compared to the effort of sitting down and putting words onto the page. Force yourself to get through these early doubts, and it really will get easier. Try to get into the habit of writing every day, even if it’s just for ten minutes. If you’re stuck for ideas, carry a notebook everywhere and write down your observations. You’ll get some great lines of dialogue by keeping your ears open on the bus or in cafes, and an unusual phrase may be prompted by something you see or smell. Work out the time of day when you’re at your most creative. For many writers, this is first thing in the morning – before all the demands of the day jostle for attention. Others write well late at night, after the rest of the family have gone to bed. Don’t be afraid to experiment! Don’t agonize over getting it right. All writers have to revise and edit their work – it’s rare that a story, scene or even a sentence comes out perfectly the first time. Once you’ve completed the initial draft, leave the piece for a few days – then come back to it fresh, with a red pen in hand. If you know there are problems with your story but can’t pinpoint them, ask a fellow writer to read through it and give feedback. HAVE FUN! Sometimes, we writers can end up feeling that our writing is a chore, something that â€Å"must† be done, or something to procrastinate over for as long as possible. If your plot seems wildly far-fetched, your characters bore you to tears and you’re convinced that a five-year old with a crayon could write better prose †¦ take a break. Start a completely new project, something which is purely for fun. Write a poem or a 60-word â€Å"mini saga†. Just completing a small finished piece can help if you’re bogged down in a longer story. Online resources NaNoWriMo Every November, hundreds of thousands of people just like you do something extraordinary: they write a novel in just thirty days. Want to be part of the coffee-fueled, manic-typing, adrenaline-rush that is National Novel Writing Month? (NaNoWriMo for short). Make sure you sign up by October 31st. The â€Å"rules† state that you can’t start writing Chapter 1 until 00.01am on November 1st but you can spend as long as you like before that planning†¦ Authors’ websites and blogs I read lots of websites and blogs written by authors and these give real (sometimes harsh) insights into what it’s like to write professionally. One which has been a strong favourite of mine for many years is Holly Lisle’s. Check out her advice for writers and her weblog. She also has an excellent newsletter which I subscribe to, and some very thorough and helpful e-books on various aspects of writing available for purchase. Competitions listings Having a theme and a deadline can make a startling difference to a writer’s motivation! If you’re in the UK, Sally Quilford’s competition listings are a comprehensive and regularly-updated list. I Should Be Writing podcast This is a practical and inspiring podcast: I Should Be Writing by Mur Lafferty. She describes the podcast as â€Å"For wanna-be fiction writers, by a wanna-be fiction writer† (though since starting it several years ago, she’s had considerable success selling her short stories) and focuses on science fiction and fantasy. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowAwoken or Awakened?Dissatisfied vs. Unsatisfied

5 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

5 questions - Assignment Example caused by physical factors such as exercise, hereditary and environmental factors such as radiation, pollution and climatic changes and personality traits. In addition, socio-economical factors in a cultural context that gives the human being the ability to interact communicate and position presented in the society such as education, wealth and the place of residence. However, nutrition factors or metabolic factors determine the rate human growth and development in the form of physical and cognitive characteristics. In addition, technology development plays a crucial role in the modern human development in the manner in which human beings acquire and control other factors such as environmental pollution, hereditary factors as well as social factors such as occupation (Rubenstein & Rakic, 2013). 2) The description of the divisions and systems of the mammalian nervous system, e.g. the central nervous system (areas of the brain, spinal cord) and peripheral nervous systems and their respective function (s) The gross organization of the Nervous System is divided into two divisions, the peripheral and the central nervous and their respective subdivisions both in functions and architecture. As single unit, the mammalian nervous system is responsible for the production, control as well as guidance on all mammalian actions, thoughts, and responses to their daily activities. However, each division and system is differentiated by different architecture and function. The peripheral nervous system division consists of the nerves connected directly to the mammalian skin, muscles, body organs as well as blood vessels excluding those nerves that are attached to the skull and the spinal column (Rubenstein & Rakic, 2013). Peripheral nervous system divisions include the somatic nervous system and automatic nervous system. Somatic nervous system is further subdivided into afferent and efferent nerve fibers responsible for mammalian physical sensation and voluntary movements.

Satisfactory Data Sheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Satisfactory Data Sheet - Essay Example Therefore, the substance is label correctly and should note be disputed. Thus, the word â€Å"Warning† on the supplier SDS is not correct; hence, it should be replaced by â€Å"caution† from the CLP database. The following is the advice to the procurement team and the manufacturing managers: Companies should be held responsible for the management of risks regarding chemicals and the provision of safety information on them. Importers and manufacturers must gather and communicate on the ingredients and properties of chemicals. This is important so that users can know how best to handle them with utmost care. The regulations of Classification, labeling and Packaging stipulate that Hazards must be communicated clearly to worker and consumers of the member states. They must single out any chemical substance property with potential dangers to animals, human and the environment (European Chemical Agency, 2014). Classification must be done in line with the hazards identified. Labelling should be done properly so that buyers or consumers can read and understand their effects clearly. In Biocidal products regulation, the suppliers must provide information on the active biocidal substances. This is because they all need authorization from ECHA on top of the national authority for them to be released to the market (ECHA, 2014). Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). (2014). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved from:

Financial System of France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial System of France - Essay Example French banking system is composed of approximately 450 banking business entities, which operate close to 40,000 branches. With this magnitude banking institutions, approximately 60 million people are considered as the banked segment. One of the defining characteristics of French banking system is the proximity of financial and non-financial institutions to the customers, which provide adequate banking services and products. Nonetheless, all organizations providing banking services operate under authorized establishments. Authorization of establishments defines the scope of banking activities. The establishments authorized include general-purpose credit institutions, investment service providers, and specialized credit institutions. All the commercial banks and other financial institutions within France are regulated and controlled by Banque de France, the French Central Bank. Linked to the European Central Bank, Banque de France has been effective in administering monetary policies and ensuring compliance amongst financial organizations. Some of the core functions of Banque de France are formulation and implementation of monetary and credit policies, issuance of currency, ensuring financial stability, monitoring French’s financial markets, and controlling all the foreign reserves. Banque de France is usually administered by a General Council having the responsibility of developing and carrying out all activities that relate to monetary policies. French financial (stock) market has primary and secondary markets. Primary markets provide vistas for introduction of new securities while secondary markets are involved in the actual trading. Paris Stock Exchange market had four markets prior to 2005; first, second, new, and free markets. The trading on stock had to be done across these four markets. Paris, Bruzelles, and Amsterdam Stock Exchange markets merged into Euronext Stock Exchange Market, which led to free market being subsisted and replacement of other markets by the Eurolist market. Due to increasing volume of transactions, Euronext Stock Market expanded to cover Portugal and United Kingdom in 2003 though still under the control of Euronext Paris. Currently, Euronext, having a volume of approximately US$1.9 trillion (Yahoo Finance) by trading, has all the French and foreign companies that subscribe their shares to the public. Importantly, Euronext through merger with New York Stock Exchange in 2006 led to the establishmen t of the current NYSE Euronext. Within Euronext, the main stock indices relate to either market or activity with the main one being the CAC 40 belonging to SBF 120. Amazingly, CAC 40 makes up 75% of all the stock exchange transactions. On the other hand, blue chips of CAC 40 such as Air France KLM, Arcelormittal, and AXA amongst others are indicated in the appendices. French financial market is composed

Celebritys Rights to Privacy

Celebritys Rights to Privacy Do celebrities have rights to privacy? Should their private lives be open to press scrutiny? Please analyse Hello v Douglas, Campbell v MGN Ltd, A v B and Campbell v Frisbee. Please also mention cases that were referred to in the judgements of these cases, and the importance of data protection in answering this question. There is no express common law ‘tort of privacy’ in English law[1]. Rather, there is a generally recognised ‘right’ to privacy. In recent times, there has been much controversy surrounding the issue of privacy, and questions have been raised as to whether or not privacy should be expressly enforceable through the courts. Prior to the HRA 1998, a person could only bring an action against another for breach of confidence, trespass or defamation[2]. Grundberg[3] opines, ‘†¦Freedom of the press is the cornerstone of freedom of speech.’ However, it is the media that have had the biggest role to play in the discussions surrounding the right to privacy. Gibbons suggests that the issue now is deciding how far the interests of the media count against the introduction of a general law. He opines that the concept of privacy ‘†¦is not easy to elucidate and its priority in securing protection over other interests is not self-evident.’[4] Essentially, Gibbons affirms, privacy centres on the individual’s right to restrict the availability of information about him or herself. There have been attempts to pass bills in Parliament with the aim of introducing a statutory tort of privacy, all of which were unsuccessful. Government Committees and Royal Commissions have also recommended against the introduction of such a law on the basis that there would be an ‘unworkable definition of the tort.’[5] The Younger Committee Report on Privacy confirmed that they ‘†¦found privacy to be a concept which means widely different things to different people and changes significantly over relatively short periods. In considering how the courts could handle so ill-defined and unstable a concept, we conclude that privacy is ill-suited to be the subject of long process of definition through the building up of precedents over the years, since the judgements of the past would be an unreliable guide to any current evaluation of privacy.’[6] The absence of such a law was criticised in the case of Kaye v Robertson.[7] Gordon Kaye, an actor, had been in volved in a serious accident and was consequently admitted to hospital. Journalists from the Sunday Sport ignored notices to see a member of staff before visiting Kaye, and subsequently took photographs of him. Medical evidence was submitted, stating that Kaye was not fit to give interviews at that time and had no recollection of ever giving one in the first place. Consequently, Potter, J granted an injunction to prevent publication of the pictures and any accompanying story. Barendt and Hitchens assert that this particular case has been the subject of much analysis in recent times, and cite Professor Markesinis[8] who claimed that, ‘†¦English law, on the whole, compares unfavourably with German law†¦Many aspects of the human personality and privacy are protected by a multitude of existing torts but this means fitting the facts of each case in the pigeon hole of an existing tort†¦it may leave a deserving plaintiff without a remedy.’[9] In October 2000, an express right to privacy finally broke into English law by virtue of the Human Rights Act 1998. The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Article 8 was incorporated into English law. The Convention stipulates that ‘Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.’ According to Grundberg, the HRA 1998 applies only to government action and not to the actions of private individuals. Furthermore, Article 8 requirements can conflict with the right to freedom of expression, as detailed in Article 10.[10] In Douglas v Hello!, the Douglases and OK Magazine won their case against the publishers of Hello! magazine for breach of confidence. Hello! had published unauthorised photographs of the wedding of Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta Jones, in the full knowledge that OK had an exclusive on the story. In addition to winning their claim for breach of confidence however, the Douglases were also awarded damages under the Data Protection Act 1998 by virtue of the fact that the photographs were deemed to be ‘personal data.’[11] The photographs were said to have been unlawfully processed by Hello!, thereby contravening the requirements of the DPA 1998. Lindsay, J stated that, ‘†¦When a data controller (Hello!) is responsible for the publication of hard copies that reproduce data that has previously been processed by means of equipment operating automatically, the publication forms part of the process and falls within the scope of the Act.’[12] Hello! argued tha t their publication fell within the ‘wide journalism exception’ under s.32 of the DPA 1998, a mechanism that was successfully used against Naomi Campbell in the case of Campbell v MGN Ltd[13] at the Court of Appeal. In this case however, Lindsay, J ruled that unlike the Campbell case, there was ‘†¦no credible evidence that Hello! had the necessary belief that the publication was in the public interest, particularly given that the photographs were obtained by trespassing paparazzo and Hello! knew OK was about to publish a wedding exclusive.[14] He continued to assert, ‘That the public would be interested is not to be confused with their being a public interest.’ Kate Brimsted claims that the first principle of the DPA 1998 requires the processing of data to be fair and lawful. In this case, Lindsay, J held that the principle had been breached by Hello! magazine in that their methods of obtaining the photographs were unfair. The magazine had also failed to comply with the requirements laid out in Schedule 2 of the Act in relation to fair and lawful processing. In the case of Hello v Douglas Lindsay, J referred to the case of Peck v UK[15]. In this case, the European Court of Human Rights held that English law had failed to provide Peck with an effective domestic remedy when CCTV images of him looking apparently suicidal were broadcast. Brimsted argues that in the current climate, the DPA 1998 would provide him with a legal remedy by virtue of the fact that he would be entitled to compensation as he suffered ‘by reason of any contravention’ of the Act by the data controller (the broadcaster). In the case of Campbell v MGN Ltd[16] the Mirror newspaper had ran a cover story with the headline ‘Naomi: I am a Drug Addict,’ accompanied by two pictures – one of Naomi Campbell as a glamorous model, the other of her looking casual in jeans and a baseball cap, over the caption ‘Therapy: Naomi outside meeting.’ The Mirror had exposed Naomi Campbell’s attendance at Narcotics Anonymous. In general, the article was deemed to be supportive and sympathetic, though inaccurate in places. The frequency of her attendance was also exaggerated. Campbell took action against MGN Ltd the day the story was published. The Mirror responded by publishing further stories, though the tone of the articles shifted from sympathetic and supportive to aggressive and demeaning; one headline was simply labelled ‘Pathetic’. In the proceedings, Campbell claimed damages for breach of confidence, and compensation under the Data Protection Act 1998. Morland, J upheld her claim, awarding her approximately  £3,500. MGN Ltd subsequently appealed, and this was upheld. Campbell appealed once again to the House of Lords, though this time her appeal was dismissed on the basis that inter alia, the pictures published by MGN Ltd ‘conveyed no private information beyond that discussed in the article†¦there was nothing undignified or distrait about her appearance.’[17] It is worth noting here the difference between this case and Peck v UK, where Peck’s vulnerable and suicidal appearance was a key factor in the final d ecision. Naomi Campbell was involved in further legal proceedings against her former employee Vanessa Frisbee, in Campbell v Frisbee.[18] The News of the World had published an article about apparent sexual encounters between Campbell and the actor Joseph Fiennes. The story had been provided to the newspaper by Vanessa Frisbee, who had been employed by Campbell to provide ‘management services’. It was a term of Frisbee’s contract that she would keep information about Campbell private, and she entered into a Confidentiality Agreement on the 9th February 2000. Frisbee agreed to abide by a number of clauses; namely however that she would not disclose anything to the media without the prior permission of Campbell. It was appreciated in court that Frisbee owed Campbell a duty of confidence, and that the disclosures she had made were clearly a breach of this confidence. Campbell claimed damages or account of profits arising from the breach of confidence. By way of defence, Frisb ee argued that, through a culmination of mistreatment and assault the contract between herself and Campbell had been repudiated, and, even if the court found that this was not the case, she was entitled to sell the story nevertheless, because there was a public interest. Lightman, J held in this case that confidentiality remained binding in respect of confidential information that the employee or contractor had acquired in the course of his or her service, even if the contract had been repudiated by other means[19]. In the case of A v B, the court was concerned with whether or not to grant an injunction to restrain the publication of private information. This information concerned the sexual relations that A, a married professional footballer, had had with two women – C and D. Lord Woolf stated in this case that any interference with the press had to be justified; under s.12 (4) of the Human Rights Act, the court had to have regard to whether or not it would be in the ‘public interest’ for material to be published. Lord Woolf stressed in this case however that, even if there were no obvious special public interest, this did not mean that the court would be justified in interfering with the freedom of the press; he opined that, ‘†¦where an individual was a public figure he was entitled to have his privacy respected in appropriate circumstances. He should recognise however that he must expect and accept that his actions would be more closely scrutinised by the media. ’[20] Lord Woolf appears to be adhering to the school of thought that suggests celebrities, by virtue of their prominent status within society, should appreciate that their lifestyles and activities will be more carefully monitored by the press than ordinary members of the public. Crone suggests that it is unlikely a claimant will be able to restrain the publication of information about his or her private life unless the information ‘†¦is trivial or already in the public domain†¦there is a clear public interest in the publication involving, for example, the detection or exposure of crimes†¦or the claimant can clearly be compensated in damages because, for example, he is prepared to sell the relevant information about his private life, as was the case in Douglas v Hello!.’[21] In answering the question, ‘Should the lives of celebrities be open to press scrutiny,’ the difficulty lies in deciding which information is of sufficient importance for the public to have a justifiable claim to knowing about it. Gibbons claims that in some cases this is reasonably clear, i.e. if facts about anti-social or harmful practices are private, this does not warrant their continued secrecy, and facts relevant to a politician’s ability to govern are required to be publicly known in the interest of society at large. It appears that celebrities are entitled to object if information is private and there is no public interest in the material being published. There are obvious differences between cases such as Campbell v MGN Ltd, where the claimant did not wish the photographs to be published at all, and Douglas v Hello!, where there objections stemmed from the fact that, while they were willing for photographs to be published, they had agreed an exclusive with a magazine in order to protect their commercial interests. It is also interesting to note that now, while the UK does not benefit from a specific privacy law, adequate redress can now be obtained by virtue of the Data Protection Act 1998, and the protection it offers â€Å"by reason of any contravention† of its provisions. Bibliography Barendt, E., Hitchens, L. Media Law: Cases and Materials (2000) London: Longman Law Series Brimsted, Kate for Hebert Smith Data Protection: a Privacy Law By Any Other Name? 15th April 2003 www.spr-consilio.com Crone, T. Law and the Media (4th Edition) 2002 Oxford: Focal Press Gibbons, T Regualating the Media (1998) London: Sweet Maxwell CASE LAW A v B Plc Another (2003) QB 195 Campbell v Frisbee (2002) EWCA Civ No. 1374 Campbell v MGN Ltd (2002) Kaye v Robertson (1991) FSR 62 Peck v UK (The Times, 3rd February 2003) STATUTORY PROVISIONS Data Protection Act 1998 Human Rights Act 1998 LEGAL WEBSITES www.spr-consilio.com www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk Footnotes [1] Grundberg, P. The ‘New’ Right to Privacy Chapter 8, p.114-130 in Crone, T. Law and the Media (4th Edition) 2002 Oxford: Focal Press [2] Grundberg, P. The ‘New’ Right to Privacy Chapter 8, p.114-130 in Crone, T. Law and the Media (4th Edition) 2002 Oxford: Focal Press [3] Grundberg, P. The ‘New’ Right to Privacy Chapter 8, p.114-130 in Crone, T. Law and the Media (4th Edition) 2002 Oxford: Focal Press [4] Gibbons, T Regualating the Media (1998) London: Sweet Maxwell p.83 [5] Grundberg, P. The ‘New’ Right to Privacy Chapter 8, p.114-130 in Crone, T. Law and the Media (4th Edition) 2002 Oxford: Focal Press [6] Younger Committee Report on Privacy, Cmnd. 5012 (1972) cited in Barendt, E., Hitchens, L. Media Law: Cases and Materials (2000) London: Longman Law Series p.399 [7] Kaye v Robertson (1991) FSR 62 [8] The German Law of Torts (2nd Edition) 1990 p.316 – cited in Barendt, E., Hitchens, L. Media Law: Cases and Materials (2000) London: Longman Law Series p.399 [9] Barendt, E., Hitchens, L. Media Law: Cases and Materials (2000) London: Longman Law Series p.399 [10] Grundberg, P. The ‘New’ Right to Privacy Chapter 8, p.114-130 in Crone, T. Law and the Media (4th Edition) 2002 Oxford: Focal Press [11] Brimsted, Kate for Hebert Smith Data Protection: a Privacy Law By Any Other Name? 15th April 2003 www.spr-consilio.com [12] Lindsay, J Douglas v Hello! Cited in Kate Brimsted for Hebert Smith Data Protection: a Privacy Law By Any Other Name? 15th April 2003 www.spr-consilio.com [13] Campbell v MGN Ltd (2002) [14] Lindsay, J cited in Hebert Smith Data Protection: a Privacy Law By Any Other Name? 15th April 2003 www.spr-consilio.com [15] Peck v UK (The Times, 3rd February 2003) cited by Lindsay, J in Douglas v Hello!, cited in Brimsted, Kate for Hebert Smith Data Protection: a Privacy Law By Any Other Name? 15th April 2003 www.spr-consilio.com [16] Campbell v MGN Ltd (2004) UKHL 22 [17] Campbell v MGN Ltd (2004) UKHL 22 [18] Campbell v Frisbee (2002) EWCA Civ No. 1374 [19] Lightman, J Campbell v Frisbee (2002) EWCA Civ No. 1374 [20] A v B Plc Another (2003) QB 195 [21] Crone, T. Law and the Media (4th Edition) (2002) Oxford: Focal Press

The Brain in Ecstasy :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Brain in Ecstasy â€Å"LITTLE PILL WHITE AND ROUND GULP OF WATER, TURBO DOWN! ANXIETY NOW, CAN'T STAND OR SIT, JUST WAIT, DON'T WORRY, IT WILL HIT! IN HALF-AN-HOUR YOU RISE INSIDE, EVERYONE LOVES, NO HATE TO HIDE. EVERYTHING'S GOOD, THERE IS NO WRONG, IF THE WHOLE WORLD SWALLOWED IT, EVERYONE WOULD GET ALONG... WORLD PEACE I HAVE A VISION, CANNOT BE OBTAINED THROUGH RELIGION BUT CAN BE RESOLVED CHEMICALLY THERE IS A GOD CALLED ECSTASY!† - By Anonymous user of ecstasy (1). The various account of users of a drug known as ecstasy were among the most moving and perplexing reading that I had ever encountered. It is remarkable to imagine that each of us is able â€Å"to rise inside,† overcome the barriers of all negative feelings, and to love to our outermost capacity.... with some help from the little white pill. While most of the accounts that I reviewed had an overriding theme of experience of closeness, love, and peace, the accounts were very case specific: A writer finds a years lost muse, a girl â€Å"learns† how to love herself and others, a religious man finally achieves â€Å"spiritual expansion,† a couple is able to exchange sexual roles as if having their partner’s body, and the list goes on and on (2). But there are also negative experiences associated with the use of ecstasy, although they are documented much less. For example, a user describes his state after a trip on ecstasy: â€Å"for the next couple of days aft erwards I was an emotional wreck, paranoid as hell, shaking, involuntary muscle spasms, and my tonsillitis came back† (3). After a similar negative experience, another user who actually had to stop taking ecstasy because of the detrimental side effects it produced, comments: â€Å"It’s just a pity that people can’t feel like they do on Ecstasy, naturally† (4). Perhaps trying to understand how a chemical can cause a state of euphoria would help us figure out how to achieve it naturally. Then, we can make some sense of, or at least hypothesize about, the neurobiology which underlies the depth of human experience. From even some accounts I outlined above, one can see how complex the feelings brought about by this drug really are. Finding the muse and everything that encompasses it, is a quite complicated behavior, not to mention the vision of world peace and love! It seems unlikely that a simple chemical should cause such a wide range of effects.